四岁前儿童否定结构类型及误用的认知分析

Cognitive Analysis of Patterns and Misuses of Negative Structures Of Pre-Four-Year-Old Children

本文以成人语言否定结构为参考框架,对1;8—4周岁汉语儿童的否定结构类型和否定标记的误用进行了研究。认为(1)早期儿童已经初步具备了对否定范畴的认知能力,但作为一个范畴来讲,还没有完全的获得,只能掌握其中比较典型的结构类型;(2)早期儿童否定结构的习得存在很多错误,儿童在这个时期对事件的时间性、人对事件的主观反映以及事物在“量”上的性质认识尚不清晰,语用及交际能力相当不完整;(3)否定结构习得的成熟与否是儿童早期语言习得阶段结束的一个标志,也是儿童从早期的语义结构习得策略进入语法结构习得策略的标志。

Adopting the pattern of negative structures used by adults as the reference theoretical framework, this paper focuses on the study of both the patterns of negative language structures and the misuse of negative markers by Chinese children from 20 months to four years old. We hold that： （ 1 ） Children of the early period have already had the cognitive ability of dealing with negative category. But this ability is limited to those typical structures representing the category because the whole category is still beyond them. （2） Children in their early period make a lot of mistakes in the acquisition of negative structures. In this period, children＇s knowledge of the time quality of events, people＇ s attitude toward events and ＂quantity＂ nature of events is still not clear. Their pragmatic and communicative ability is not complete. （3）It is likely that whether children have acquired the negative structure skillfully or not is not only one of the marks of the end of children＇ s acquisition of language in their early period but also a mark of their transition from early tactic of semantic structure acquisition to the tactic of grammar structure acquisition.