环境污染物对水生生物产生氧化压力的分子生物标志物

Molecular biomarkers in aquatic organisms in relation to the oxidative stress imposed by environmental pollutants

为了能够建立一种简单、快速、准确的环境污染监测预警体系,人们进行了广泛的研究,其中有关环境污染物对分子生物标志物的影响已成为研究热点。生物体内的氧自由基和其它活性氧分子(ROS)对组织和细胞成分造成的伤害,称之为氧化压力,环境中的有毒物质能够对生物体产生不同程度的氧化压力。生物体内的强氧化剂或体外因素(如环境污染物)引起的强氧化物与抗氧化防御系统之间的平衡能够用于评估环境压力对生物体产生影响的程度,尤其适合于评估不同种化学物质引起氧化损伤的程度。这些抗氧化防御系统及其对氧化压力的敏感性在环境毒物学研究中占有非常重要的地位,大量研究结果表明过渡金属、多环芳烃、有机氯和有机磷农药、多氯联苯、二氧芑和其它异型物质都能够对生物体产生氧化压力。这些有毒物质能够引起各种有害影响,如对膜脂、DNA和蛋白产生损伤;改变抗氧化酶的活性等。总结了这种氧化压力的研究进展情况,并讨论了这些分子生物标志物在水生生物中的应用。

The molecular biomarkers in relation to environmental pollutants have become imperative research topic for environmental toxicology studies. In order to set up a series of simple, sensitive and exact monitoring systems for environmental pollution, several studies were carried out. The potential of oxygen free radicals and other reactive oxygen species （ROS） to damage tissues and cellular components in organisms was called oxidative stress. The balance between pro-oxidant endogenous and exogenous factors （i. e. , environmental pollutants ） and anti-oxidant defenses in biological systems has been used to assess the adverse effect of environmental pollutants, especially for oxidant damage of the different chemicals. The anti-oxidative defense systems and their sensitivity for oxidative stress are of great importance in environmental toxicology. Numerous studies on the effects of oxidative stress to organisms imposed by environmental pollutants were performed. The results indicated that the transition metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, organophosphate and organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins, and other xenobiotics could cause oxidative stress to organisms. These toxicants can stimulate a variety of toxicity effects, such as oxidative damage to membrane lipid, DNA and protein and changes to antioxidant enzymes. This review summarizes the current knowledge and advances in understanding such oxidative stresses. And the application of related molecular biomarkers in aquatic organisms was also discussed.