五行相胜框架下的四个帝德谱

Four Pedigrees of Emperors or Dynasties under the Five Elements Conquering One Another

古而有之的五行观念导致了以相胜为特征的五德终始说的产生,战国时代的齐人驺衍,是此种理论的集大成者。自战国至西汉前期,五德终始说一直是论证王朝正僭的主要理论工具。驺衍利用此理论,构建了一个从土德黄帝开始至火德周朝结束的,尚未完成一轮五行循环的帝德谱。意欲证明本朝统治天下合乎天道的秦始皇接受了驺衍的理论,他以本朝为水德,从而使驺衍版帝德谱完成了一轮五行循环。西汉前期的统治者也接纳了五德终始说,但德制前后有别。由高祖提出的汉为水德说获得了硕学张苍的论证,汉高祖—张苍版帝德谱意味着秦朝不在正统中。在文帝时代就已酝酿的德制变革,至武帝太初改制才获得了实现。武帝版帝德谱以汉为土德,恢复了秦朝的正统地位。这个帝德谱成为五行相胜框架下的最终定本,直到西汉末年新五德终始说产生后,才为新形式的帝德谱所取代。

The concept of five elements——＂metal＂, ＂wood＂, ＂water＂, ＂fire＂, and ＂earth＂ since ancient time caused the theory of the cycle movement of five elements which conquer one another. In the period of the Warring States, a person named Zou Yah from Qi, synthesized all the previous teachings of that theory and elevated them to their highest development. Since the Warring States to the early Western Han Dynasty, the theory of the cycle movement of the five elements has been the main theoretical tool for judging the orthodoxy or arrogation of a dynasty. Zou Yan, by using this theory, established a pedigree of Emperors or Dynasties. This pedigree Dynasty did not accomplish the five element cycle, as it starts from Huangdi （＂earth＂） and ends at the Zhou （＂fire＂）. The Qin Emperor Shihuang who tried to prove that his rule obeyed the Heavenly Law and accepted Zou Yan＇s theory. Shihuang incorporated a water system, so that Zou Yan＇s pedigree would finish the cycle. The emperors of the early Western Han Dynasty proved that the Han Dynasty＇s attribute is ＂water＂, whic pedigree also accepted Zou Yan＇s theory. A Scholar, Zhang Cang h was put forward by Emperor Gaozu. Gaozu-Zhangcang＇s implies that the Qin Dynasty is not in the orthodox system. The change of the theory started in the reign of Emperor Wendi, and was accomplished in the reign of Emperor Wudi. The new theory started with the Han Dynasty as ＂earth＂, and brought the Qin Dynasty into the orthodox system. This theory became the final version of the five-element-cycle theory and was replaced by others at the end of the Western Han Dynasty.