论英美侵权法中注意义务的历史、概念与功能

On the History,Definition and Function of Duty of Care in Anglo-American Torts Law

注意义务起源于中世纪的普通法,通过判例经年累积而稳步扩展,打上了相对性的烙印。它以维护社会必要交易安全秩序为基础,是行为人在特定情形下所必需遵循的行为准则,以及在该种情景中应采取的合理防免措施。它可规范不作为,调控过失侵权的范围和限制赔偿责任。

The origins of duty of care is the common law of middle ages. Through steady accumulation by case, the duty of care has been expanded and been branded with relative character. In order to maintain necessary social order of security transactions, duty of care asks someone acts in a particular case according to the necessary conduct rule, and in such scenes should take reasonable measures to prevent risks. It can regulate the non-feasance, adjust the negligence scope and limit tort liabilities.