语言混乱与草原“共有地”

The Confusion of Tongues and the Communal Grassland

本文以整体主义的进路讨论与草原共有地的治理有关的问题。基于实地调查的材料，本文首先讨论治理草原退化的经济学主流方案的假设前提：方法论个体主义的语境限制性。其次，本文指出，与“共有地悲剧”论看似相反的奥斯特罗姆模式，实际上与前者的方法论前提和假设是一致的，解释力也是有限的。再次，本文引用民族志资料，从一个牧业社区的历史过程和社会制度，讨论那里的草原共有地管理以及草场管理规则的“混乱”。最后，本文将秩序建立等“宏大问题”与牧业生计特征和牧人的时间地理现实等联系起来讨论。

In this article, the author, starting from a holistic perspective, examines the problems of managing so-called ＂communal grasslands＂. Based on the data collected from fieldwork, the article firstly examines the methodological individualism which is a pre-assumption of Neo Classic School, a mainstream economic perspective in managing the problem of degeneration of the grassland. The author argues that the assumption of methodological individualism is not able to address the problems soundly when it is viewed across the socio-cultural context. Then secondly the author comes to point out that the Ostrom＇ s model of managing the communal lands has, in fact, some limitations also. And thirdly, the article, by using ethnographic data of the historical process and social systems from a pastoral community to discuss the management of the communal grassland and existing disorder in its regulations. At the end, from a temporal-spatial perspective, the article discusses the major problem of restoring order in the grassland by linking the characteristics of pastoral livelihood to herdsman＇ s time-geographic reality.