论全球化背景下的中国非物质文化遗产保护

On the Protection of Chinese Non-material Cultural Heritage in the Global Context

我国非物质文化遗产保护问题,有其历史的和社会的、国际的和国内的背景,是回应历史发展的要求而提出的。非物质文化遗产既是建设现代民族文化的基础,也是每个民族对世界文化的丰富和贡献。因此必然要从全人类的视角来看待非物质文化遗产保护问题。从古今文化关系的角度说,非物质文化遗产在多数情况下,既是昨天的实录、今天的现实,同时也是明天的预示;从东西方文化关系的角度看,吸纳外来文化和继承原有传统并不是矛盾的,二者所形成的张力对于创造新的文化起着非常重要的作用。然而,由于非物质遗产大都是农业社会条件下的产物,所以今天对它的保护便包含着许多悖论。例如,保护和发展的关系,结构性对象的解构性保护,对传承人的态度,市场经济体制和非物质文化遗产保护等,都隐含着诸多两难的问题,期待着文化行政部门、学术界以及整个社会给出两全的解决方案。因此,对于非物质文化遗产的保护应该贯彻整体性的原则,从整体上加以认识,进行整体性的保护。从根本意义上说,非物质文化遗产的保护,首先应该是对创造、享有和传承该文化遗产的人的保护;同时,对这一遗产的切实有效的保护,也特别依赖于创造、享有和传承这一遗产的群体。促进和保护文化的多样性发展,才是我们努力追求的目标。

The Protection of non-material cultural heritage in China mirrors the requirements of historical and social development both at home and abroad. Today, the protection of the cultural heritage deserves to be viewed from the human perspective. The non-material cultural heritage as the basis of the construction of modern national culture enriches and contributes to the world culture. In terms of diachronic cultural relations, the non-material heritage, in most cases, records the history, reflects the reality, and predicts the future. In terms of cultural relations of East and West, it is not contradictory to assimilate the foreign culture and hand down the traditional one, the two of which form the force which will play an important role in creating a new culture. However, as most of the non-material heritage is the outcome of the former agricultural society, the protection of it involves many contradictory issues. The following problems are to be settled by the cultural administrative institations, academic circles and the society including the relationship between protection and development; the protection of ecological environment of the heritage; the deconstructive protection of structural objects; the attitudes towards the inheritors; the relationship between the market economy and the protection of the heritage; the tendency of urbanization in the present social development and the protection of the heritage. Therefore, the article argues that the principle of entirety should be observed in the protection of the cultural heritage. In other words, the heritage as a whole will be viewed and protected. Basically, the protection of the non-material cultural heritage, first and foremost, is the protection of the people who created, enjoyed and handed down the heritage. Meanwhile, the effective protection highly relies on them as a group. After all, what we pursue is to promote and protect the development of cultural varieties.