住房制度改革对中国城市居住分异的影响

THE IMPACT OF HOUSING REFORM ON RESIDENTIAL DIFFERENTIATION IN URBAN CHINA

住房制度改革是中国城市居住分异的重要影响因素。住房制度改革后,城市居民可根据自身社会经济特征和消费偏好,选择居住区位和住房与邻里质量,住房选择行为相对自由化。商品房的开发在住房制度改革后得到鼓励,房产商在政府宏观调控指引下,自主选择投资区位,建设不同层次的住房和邻里,以满足不同层次居民的居住需求。不同类型企业、不同工龄的职工在享受房改房的机会明显不同,造成享受者和未享受者住房条件的差异,从而形成居住分异。公共部门的干预使得住房类型构成多样化,出现了经济适用房、房改房和廉租房等资助房,与商品房并存;种种约束条件使得社会群体在不同类型住房中分布并不均衡,形成居住分异。

Residential differentiation means the unequal distribution of social groups in housing sub-markets divided by housing quality, tenure and location and so on. Housing reform exerts great impacts on the residential differentiation in urban China. After the reform, it is more freedom for households to choose the housing types and tenures and locations in term of socio-economic characteristics and housing preferences. Housing developers are encouraged to choose investment location and construct different levels of housing and neighbors to satisfy the need of different social groups under the guide of government. Different types of working units and service age of workers have distinctly different access to reform housing which makes unequal access to public housing resources. All kinds of access constraints make unequal distribution among different tenures of housing sub-markets. The matching process of households and housing is also essentially the matching process between housing and social ladders and the shaping process of residential spatial segregation. Exclusive housing policies based on registered permanent residence and self-characteristic of migrants are the main reasons for formation of especial residential space such as urban village.