古典功利主义的幸福目的论批判

The Criticism of the Classical Utilitarianism's Happiness Teleology

功利主义的幸福论主张,所有利益相关者的最大幸福是所有情况下人类行动的正确适当的目的,而且是唯一正确适当的并普遍期望的目的。然而,这一人本主义的道德原则的背后却隐藏了诸多的悖论与矛盾。首先,由于幸福内涵的歧义性和多元性使得这一目标具有一定的不确定性、相对性和一定的非道德性;其次,最大幸福的诉求必然无法兼顾幸福在个体间的公正分配,而坚持公正优先在大多数情况下又会影响最大幸福的实现;第三,以最大幸福为目的尽管要求给行为主体享有更多的公民自由和社会自由,但却会使他们陷入自然法则和情感、秉好的双重役使,没有真正的自由。

Utilitarian happiness maintains that the greatest amount of happiness of all who are affected by an action or practice is the aim of all appropriate human practice in every circumstance, the only one thought to be right and universally expected. However, paradoxes and contradictions exist latent in the humanitarian moral principle, First of all, the inter paradox of happiness as an end. Secondly, how to argue common happiness？ Thirdly, the contradiction of the greatest happiness and individual rights.