国际结构与国家行为:“内斗的现实主义”

International Structure and State Behavior: “Dueling Realisms”

近年来,围绕着国际结构如何解释国家行为的问题,结构现实主义遭到了社会建构主义的批评,同时,现实主义阵营内部,也展开了激烈的争论。霸权稳定理论、霸权护持理论、进攻性现实主义、防御性现实主义和新古典现实主义都从不同角度发展了结构现实主义的国家理论。主要探讨的问题包括安全与财富的关系、进攻与防御的关系、内部平衡与外部平衡的关系。结构现实主义提出了一系列非常宽泛的预测;霸权稳定理论、霸权护持理论阐述了制度地位、实力地位与霸权国国家利益的关系;进攻性现实主义则概念化了实力地位和大国国家利益的关系;虽然关注的重点所有不同,防御性现实主义和新古典现实主义都试图结合国内因素以增强现实主义的解释力。

Recently Structural Realism encounters criticisms from Social Constructivism on how to explain state behavior under the international structural theory. Drastic debates simultaneously take place in the Realist Camp on the same issue. The theory of state behavior of Structural Realism makes progress through Neorealism including Hegemonic Stability Theory, Hegemonic Maintenance Theory, Offensive Realism, Defensive Realism and Neoclassical Realism. Structural Realism has given some broad predictions state behavior; Theories of Hegemonic Stability and Hegemonic Maintenance set up the linkages between institutional/power position and the national interests of hegemonic states; Offensive Realism conceptualizes the relationship of power position and national interests of great powers; and both Defensive Realism and Neoclassical Realism try to enhance the explanatory power of Realism which focusing on different aspects.