唐令与礼关系析论

An Investigative Analysis of the Relationship Between Respectful Addresses and Ceremony and Propriety in the Tang Dynasty

唐代所称之“礼”既指体现礼的基本精神和原则的“三礼”,又指唐代统治者根据政治需要与社会变迁因时变通制定的“新礼”。唐令的制定完全体现了中国传统礼的宗法等级原则和精神,唐令的许多规定直接来自于礼的内容,而这个“礼”,主要是指以“三礼”为代表的古礼。唐代“纳礼入令”不仅表现在唐令与礼(三礼)的内容的一致性上,而且也反映在唐令与礼的冲突问题上。唐代礼令关系的另一面,即唐礼与令的衔接关系。唐令与唐代礼典的这种衔接关系一方面取决于唐令的制度法性质,同时也是由唐代礼典的礼仪性质所决定的。

The ceremony and propriety in the Tang Dynasty referred both to the ＂three ceremonies＂ which denote the basic idea and principle of ceremony and propriety and to the ＂new ceremony＂ which was introduced by the rulers of the dynasty to adjust to political necessity and social evolution. Thus the introduction of the system of respectful addresses embodied the idea and principle of traditional Chinese patriarchal hierarchy, many regulations in which had been cited from the ceremony and propriety, which here largely referred to the ancient norm of behavior represented by the ＂three ceremonies＂. The ceremony and propriety and the system of respectful addresses in the Tang Dynasty were both contradictory and interrelated. And the interrelation between them was determined by the essence of the Tang system of respectful addresses and by that of the Tang ceremony and propriety.