世界石油炼制技术现状及未来发展趋势

The State-of-the-art and Future Perspectives of World Petroleum Refining Technology

进入21世纪,世界范围内石油资源的重质化、劣质化程度的加深,对清洁、超清洁车用燃料及化工原料需求的日益增加,正使世界炼油技术经历着重大的调整与变革.本工作在分析世界炼油工业和技术发展现状的基础上,指出世界炼油技术的未来发展将集中在重质/劣质原油的加工、清洁燃料的生产和炼油-化工一体化等几个方面.在重质/劣质原油的加工方面,加氢裂化和加氢处理工艺将是21世纪炼油技术的主要发展方向,新型催化裂化(FCC)工艺和焦化工艺也将得到进一步的发展;清洁燃料生产技术的发展方向主要集中在汽柴油的脱硫上,以加氢脱硫为主的各种脱硫技术将得到极大的发展;在炼油-化工一体化发展方面,基于传统FCC工艺改进的最大限度生产低碳烯烃的技术将得到广泛关注,加氢裂化由于其较高的灵活性,既能生产优质中间馏分油(航空燃料和柴油),又能为乙烯厂和芳烃厂提供优质原料,是21世纪炼油-化工一体化发展的核心技术.

Entering into the 21st century, world petroleum refining technology is experiencing its great innovation driven by the increasing supply of heavy oils with decreasing quality and the fast increases in the demand for clean and ultra-clean vehicle fuels and petrochemical raw materials. In this review, the current situation of the world petroleum refining industry and technology is analysed and our outlook into the future technological innovations is presented. It is concluded that the main technological progress will be directed to heavy oil upgrading, cleaner transportation fuel production and the integration of refining and petrochemical businesses. For heavy oil upgrading, hydrocracking and hydrotreating technology will be the main directions, new residue FCC technology and new delayed coking should be developed further. For cleaner transportation fuel production, the main task is the desulfurization of gasoline and diesel. With the advents of various techniques, such as adsorption and biodesulfurization, the future development will be still centralized on hydro-desulfurization techniques. In the integration of refining and petrochemical businesses, new technologies based on traditional FCC process will be of increased interests to refiners because of their potential to meet the increasing demand for light olefins. Meanwhile, hydrocracking, due to its flexibility, will take the central position in the integration of refining and petrochemical businesses in 21st century.