论环境标准在行政诉讼中的效力——以德国法上的规范具体化行政规则为例

Force Adeffect of Environmental Standards in Administrative Litigation——Illustrated with "normkonkretisierende verwaltungsvorschriften" in Germany Administrative Law

一般说来,环境标准是否具有拘束法官或者法院的效果取决于它的法律性质。但是,近20年来,在以德国为代表的一些发达国家开始承认传统上只具有内部效力或者间接外部效力的环境标准作为法院裁判行政案件的依据。德国法上把这类环境标准称为规范具体化行政规则。尽管这种做法对传统行政法理论提出了挑战并因此遭到部分学者的批判,但支持者认为,规范具体化行政规则有其法理上的根据。我国承认这类环境标准对法院之拘束力有其必要性和可行性。当然,要发生拘束法院的效果,必须满足一定的条件。

In general, force adeffect of environmental standards in administrative litigation lies in their characters. Yet, in many developed countries, such as Germany, the environmental standards with internal effects or indirectly external effects in the past have provided a basis for adjudicating administrative cases for nearly twenty years, which is called ＂normkonkretisierende verwaltung svorschriften＂ in Germany administrative law. This essay analyzes the phenomena, including its challenge to the theory of traditionally administrative law, criticism suffered from some scholars, viewpoints of backers, then arrives at the conclusion that it is necessary and possible for us to acknowledge such environmental standards＇ force adeffect in administrative litigation conditionally.