从“资本主义精神”透视近代民法中的人

On the Person in Modern Civil Law from the Perspective of the Spirit of Capitalism

基于资本主义市场经济社会与近代民法的同构性,资本主义精神必然在近代民法上有所反映。近代民法的权利本位制度设计,其心理根源在于民法人的“权利意识”。近代民法中人的原型是商人/资产者,商人/资产者的“赢利欲”是普遍的资本主义精神,它说明了民法人时刻保持“权利意识”的正当性与合理性,鼓励每个民法人尽最大努力,为权利而战。不宁如是,在资本主义市场经济中,各种形式的民事利益都可以换算成法律上的权利单元,并以货币单位计量。因而,一个合格的近代民法人,不仅要蓄养“权利感”,而且还需要学会以一种冷静的计算精神对各项民事权利的经济价值进行估价和运算。由此,随着计算精神对近代民法人心理上的渗透和扩张近代民法必然呈现(形式)理性化的特征。

The spirit of capitalism is a proposition, posed by Weber and other western scholars of the 20th century, which aims to explain why the capitalism sprung up first in the West. The spirit of capitalism is the mentality of bourgeoisie who impelled the capitalism. Due to the isomorphism between the society of capitalism market and modem civil law, the spirit of capitalism may be reflected in modem civil law. The author, with reference to paradigm of the spirit of capitalism, firstly tries to review the awareness of rights and the calculating characteristic of the person in modem civil law, and then explains the causation to the standard of right and rationalization of modem civil law.