云南烤烟内在品质与气候的关系

Relationship between Tobacco Quality and Climates in Yunnan

采用云南与国内外烟区光温水总量、时段分配和匹配的对比分析;云南565个植烟样点烟叶品质类型的系统聚类分析,不同品质类型与气象要素的对应关系分析;以及云南与国内外优质烟品质主要指标的对比分析方法,探索了云南烤烟品质独特和优良的气候原因,以及云南烤烟品质风格特点与气候的内在关系。研究表明,云南烤烟大田期光、温、水总量没有任何优势、大田中后期光温劣势显著,但烤烟生长期间光温水的时段分配和匹配具有独特性;云南气候条件的地域差异可导致烤烟内在品质差异显著。云南烟区与国内外烤烟主产区气候差异大,其烤烟气候独特性在于烤烟大田前期“多光少雨气温偏高”与中后期“寡照多雨气温偏低”相匹配;前期气候有利于糖分快速积累并抑制烟碱和含氮化合物形成,中后期气候决定云烟“清香型”风格、有效降低烟叶糖分的耗失和转移并提高烟叶含氮量,从而造就了云南烤烟品质风格和特点。

In order to reveal the intrinsic relationship between tobacco quality and climates in Yunnan, the paper employs analysis of gross, temporal distribution and matching for sunshine duration, temperature and rainfall in Yunnan comparing with domestic and overseas tobacco planting area, and of climatic analysis for different quality types after statistical hierarchical clustering to quality types of tobacco leaf from 565 sample spots in Yunnan. The climates in Yunnan have not any amount predominance in sunshine duration, temperature and rainfall during field tobacco growing period, further more, are in inferior position in amount of sunshine duration and temperature during fleetly growing period and maturation period. Yunnan climates are different from domestic and overseas tobacco planting areas, which are inimitable in temporal distribution and matching for sunshine duration, temperature and rainfall. The climatic singularity in Yunnan is more sunshine duration, lesser rainfall with upper average temperature during prophase of field tobacco growing period while contrary climatic conditions come forth in metaphase and anaphase of field tobacco growing period. In words of concretion, the average climatic conditions of Yunnan tobacco planting area in prophase of field tobacco growing period are 19.4℃ of monthly temperature, 6.5 hours of daily sunshine duration and 2.7nun of daily rainfall, which form a striking contrast to the climatic conditions in metaphase and anaphase of field tobacco growing period, i.e. 20.6 ℃ of monthly temperature, 4.3 hours of daily sunshine duration and 5.7mm of daily rainfall. On the other hand, the meteorological conditions among quality types of tobacco have distinct diversity in Yunnan which results in the notable difference in internal quality of tobacco. Taken the sample spots of tobacco planting in 2004 for example, there are two quality types of tobacco to be worth notice. One type has 28.12 of content ratio for sugar to nicotinamide and 1.47 % of nicotinamide content while its content of distilled substance from petroleum aether is 4.29 % ; for another type, it has the corresponding average value of 7.31, 3.52% and 6.21%. The distinction of the meteorological conditions for two quality types is outstanding. The first type has more sunshine duration and less rainfall in prophase while holding contrary conditions in anaphase （the sunshine duration is 403 hours and the rainfall is 202mm from April to May, and the same data are 254 hours and 414mm from July to August）. As for the temporal di＇stribution and matching for sunshine duration and rainfall, the latter type is contrary to the first type（the sunshine duration is 363 hours and the rainfall is 289mm from April to May, and the same data are 308 hours and 376mm from July to August）. The prophase climates of field tobacco growing period are propitious to accumulate sugar and to cumber the production of nicotinamide and nitrogen compound. And the climates of metaphase and anaphase produce lite fragrance style of Yunnan cigarette while reducing wastage and transfer of sugar and increasing nitrogen content of tobacco.