人类活动对泾河流域村落尺度土地利用格局的影响及冲突

Interactions between Human Activities and Landuse Patterns,and Conflicts at the Village Level of Jinghe Watershed

对流域微观尺度土地利用结构变化研究是进行宏观尺度土地资源研究和管理的基础。本文旨在探讨中国西部黄土高原泾河流域村落尺度土地利用的变化及其驱动因素，识别并分析资源利用和管理中存在的冲突与解决方案。研究所用资料来自社区快速评估（RRA）、参与式社区评估（PRA）、农户问卷调查、小组讨论、统计资料等。应用系统抽样法对泾河流域上游的南庄村和史么村的90个农户进行了问卷调查，同时在各村进行PRA研究。主要研究结果有：①通过PRA方法，首次恢复和直观再现了村落尺度1950年代以来主要土地利用类型图及其变化，与1950年代相比，1985年．1995年代中期林地和草地面积呈增加趋势，主要得益于荒山造林。1996年-2004年代草地和林地面积持续增加，耕地面积下降；②1950年代以来，种植作物的种类逐渐转换为市场需求高的经济作物；③不同时期的政策和市场机制的作用是引起这些变化的主要原因；④尝试性地界定和分析了在土地利用管理中的主要冲突类型，即公众认知与意愿的冲突、耕地面积减少与剩余劳动力增加的冲突、生态移民措施与公众愿意的冲突、上游与下游资源利用与保护的冲突。个人因素如教育程度、性剐和年龄影响他们对土地结构变化的认知和愿意。研究建议应重视土地利用变化最明显时期的特点，针对冲突及其产生的原因进行研究，提高资源利用效率。

Landuse change at the micro level of the watershed is a basis for macro-level research and management of land resource, and also an important method for in-depth analysis of landuse changes and socio-economic consequence. This research aims at landuse dynamics and affecting factors, identification of conflicts in land management and way out at village level of the Jinghe watershed of western China. Data used for the analysis has been collected from Participatory Rural Appraisal （PRA）, household questionnaire survey, and focus group discussion. Systematic sampling method was used for determination of households being sampled. Altogether 90 households were interviewed at the two representative villages. And a PRA was conducted at each of the villages. Major results are： 1 ） for the first time, landuse maps of the villages since the 1950s has been reproduced via PRA, and it is found that, in comparison with the 1950s, forest and grassland areas have shown an increased trend in 1985 - 1996 and 1996 ~ 2004, which is a result of reforestation of bare mountains and decreasing of arable land respectively; 2） Shifting of major crop types are identified, i.e. , area of crops with high economic values has been increasing since the 1950s, but the grain crops decreasing; 3） Policy and market mechanism are major factors contributing to such changes; 4 ） Exploration of the major conflicts existing in land management, which are conflict between perceptions and willingness, between decrement in arable land area and increment in surplus labor forces, between migration policy and stakeholders＇ willingness, and between land use and conservation in upper stream and down stream. Personal factors such as educational attainment, age and sex influence the perceptions. It is addressed through the research, that PRA could be a very useful tool in natural resource research and management at a lower level of the watershed in general and the villages in particular.