西方主流宏观经济分析的微观化——一种马克思主义经济学的解析

The Micro-Economic Approach to Western Mainstream Macro-Economic Analysis: a Kind of Marxist Economic Analysis

新自由主义经济学家把宏观经济分析微观化,用个体行为直接去解释宏观经济与宏观经济政策问题,创立了所谓的“新古典宏观经济学”。凯恩斯理论最值得肯定的方面,在于它突破了西方主流经济学长期将市场经济视为实物交换经济的货币面纱观,探讨了微观经济得以正常运行的宏观环境。而当今西方主流宏观经济分析的微观化,则从凯恩斯的宏观经济学倒退到斯密的私人利益与社会利益“一致论”和个量总和与宏观总量“相等论”,从而用微观经济学取代了宏观经济学。马克思主义经济学认为,在资本主义生产方式基本矛盾导致宏微观经济分裂的情况下,企业作为单个资本的个体行为决定于社会总资本再生产的均衡条件,因此用个体行为直接解释宏观经济现象既无科学价值,又远离客观现实。马克思的唯物史观指出了在社会化大生产的条件下,人类摆脱宏微观经济分裂困境的根本方向。

Neo-liberal economists tend to analyze macro-economics from the micro point of view by using individual behavior to directly explain the macro-economy and macro-economic policy, thus establishing so-called “neoclassical macro-economics.” Keynes' greatest theoretical achievement was that he broke through the view of Western mainstream economics who saw the market economy as a monetary veil over the economy of barter and that he studied the macro-environment necessary for the regular operation of the micro-economy. However, the micro-economic approach to western mainstream macro-economic analysis has retreated from Keynesian macro-economics in favor of Adam Smith's view that private and social interests are identical and the sum of individuals is equivalent to the macro-total, thus replacing macroeconomics with micro-economics. Marxist economics believes that when the fundamental conflict in the capitalist mode of production leads to the splitting of the macro-economy, the individual activity of the enterprise as a single unit of capital is determined by the equilibrium conditions of reproduction of aggregate capital in society. Therefore, using individual activity as a direct explanation of the macro-economy not only has no scientific value, but also departs from objective reality. The materialist historical view of Marxism reveals how human beings can get out of the dilemma of the split between the macro- and micro-economy under the condition of socialized production.