黄土高原旱地长期施肥对小麦养分吸收和土壤肥力的影响

Effects of long-term application of fertilizer on wheat nutrient uptake and soil fertility in Loess Plateau

通过定位试验研究了长期施肥对小麦子粒、秸杆养分吸收和土壤肥力变化的影响。结果表明,合理施用化肥不但增产幅度大,还在一定程度上增加了小麦N、P、K养分浓度。单施氮、单施磷肥能增加小麦子粒和秸杆的N、P、K吸收量,氮磷肥配施增加效果显著,其子粒吸收N、P、K增加了153.2%、157.1%和162.4%。施有机肥能补充土壤中的N、P、K含量,增加小麦子粒中的养分含量,使品质有大幅度的提高。单施磷肥的土壤有机质、全P、速效P含量增加,土壤全N、速效N含量减少,N素亏缺。氮磷肥配施加剧了土壤K的亏缺。有机肥培肥作用显著,有机肥和氮、磷肥配施的土壤有机质、全N、全P、速效N、速效P和速效K分别增加了69.0%5、7.5%、54.8%、73.1%、830.5%和119.1%。

Based on a 20-years long-term fertilization experiment with fixed site on continuous wheat in Changwu, Shaanxi Province, the effect of long-term fertilizer application on the soil fertility and wheat nutrient uptake was studied. Results showed that rational use of chemical fertilizer not only increased wheat yield, but also increased N, P and K content in wheat to some extent. Single applying chemical fertilizer increased N, P and K uptake in wheat and straw, but the combination of N and P had a more pronounced effect, which increased by 143.3%, 186.4% and 171.6% in N, P and K uptake in seeds, respectively. The combination of N, P and manure improved soil N, P and K content, increased nutrient content in grain and improved grain quality. Soil organic matter, total phosphorus, available phosphorus and available potassium were increased, while total N and available N were decreased in single phosphorus treatment. The combined application of N, P and manure made the soil organic matter, total N, total P, available N, available P, available potassium increased by 69.0%, 57.5 %, 54.8 %, 73.1%, 830.5 % and 119.1%, respectively. It indicated that applying manure could increase soil fertility.