析山涛之“吏非吏,隐非隐”

A Study on Shan Tao's Being Neither A Qualified Official or A Hermit

东晋孙绰批评西晋山涛“吏非吏,隐非隐”。究其因:山涛两度隐居,一为养名,一为避祸,总在伺机出仕;晚年屡求引退也只为“功成身退”;出仕期间,既有吏能又为官清廉,但每每中立于朝,与时俯仰,为人处世过于圆滑,且“身入局中,未尝心存事外”。山涛可谓深受老子思想影响,在人生追求和精神境界上始终未臻至超尘脱俗、应物无累的境界,表现得颇有机心。而孙绰深受庄学影响,追求“萧条高寄,不与时务经怀”,他对山涛的批评实际上反映了玄风盛行时庄学影响下的士人与玄风初起时老学影响下士人仕隐观的不同。

Shan Tao who lived in the Western Jin Dynasty was criticized by Sun Chuo, who lived in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. The latter thought that Shan Tao was neither a qualified officer nor a qualified hermit. The actual cause was the following： Shan Tao lived in seclusion twice, once to raise his fame, another to take refuge. He was always looking for chance to be an official. As he was old, he asked for resigning from post several times, just because he wanted that he had succeeded, he should retire. As an official, he was able, honest and upright, but he always observed neutrality. He was at the others＇ back and call, appearing slick and sly. He was always put himself in the situation and his spirit never left from the affairs. It may be said that： Shah Tao was deeply influenced by Lao School. His life goal and spiritual conception never attained a lofty realm. While Sun Chuo was deeply influenced by Tchuang School. He ran after the state of not caring about the current affairs. In fact, his criticism reflected one truth： The ideals of what is a qualified officer or a qualified hermit between the scholars, who were influenced by Tchuang School, living in the Eastern Jin Dynasty when the abstruse mood was in popular, and those, who was influenced by Lao School, living in the Western Jin Dynasty when the abstruse mood began to take shape, were different.