土地利用/覆被变化的水文效应研究进展

Advances in Hydrological Response to Land Use/Land Cover Change

随着社会的不断进步和人口的迅速膨胀,土地利用/覆被变化对水文过程产生了重大影响,其研究已经成为国际热点问题和前沿领域。论文首先分析了LUCC水文效应的研究方法,然后从土地利用/覆被变化的驱动力方面:造林与毁林、城市化过程与农业开发活动以及水土保持等,概述了LUCC水文效应的研究进展。综合分析表明:关于城市化过程的水文影响研究,一般认为,在城市化快速发展的驱动下,不透水面积大量增加,改变了水量平衡状况,造成入渗减少,洪峰流量增大,但不同地区城市化发展程度的不同使得水文效应的表现也不相同;水土保持水文效应的研究一般认为,水土保持通过植树造林、种草、修建梯田、淤地坝等措施,使得区域/流域下垫面覆盖状况发生了很大的改变,造成年径流和洪峰流量减少,而使入渗和枯季径流增加,但因地理位置和气象条件等方面的差异,不同地区水土保持产生的水文影响也有所差别;造林与毁林、农业开发活动对水文过程的影响则因研究尺度、区域位置、气象条件、研究对象等因素的影响出现了较大的差异。因此,需考虑多方面因素的影响,正确评价土地利用/覆被变化的水文效应,为水土资源的合理配置和可持续利用提供科学依据。

With rapid economic development and population growth,land use and land cover change（LUCC）have great effects on hydrological processes.The research in this field has been the focus of attention and the international frontier.In this paper,the study methods of hydrological response to land use and land cover change were analyzed.including experimental method,time series analysis method of hydrological characteristic parameters,hydrological model method and combination of multi-methods,and its progress was reviewed and discussed from points of view of driving forces of LUCC,such as afforestation and deforestation,urban and agricultural development as well as soil and water conservation.Some conclusions of this paper were drawn as follows： ①Imperious area extension driven by rapid urban development could change the urban water balance,and then increase runoff coefficient,flood peak flow and its frequency,and contrarily decrease the ground recharge,but due to different levels of urbanization development, hydrological effects would make a certain difference. ②Studies on hydrological response to soil and water conservation generally showed that,the underlying surface conditions alteration by soil and water conservation could decrease annual runoff and flood peak flow,and increase infiltration and runoff in the non-flood season,but due to different geographic locations,climatic conditions and so on,hydrological effect of soil and water conservation in different regions or watersheds （ also showed a certain difference. ③In the respect of hydrological response to afforestation and deforestation as well as agricultural development,the results made a great difference due to the diversities of spatial scale,regional location,climatic conditions,and study objectives.Therefore, many affecting factors need to be considered comprehensively, and hydrological response to land use and land cover change should be assessed correctly so as to support scientific foundations for rational allocation and sustainable development of land and water resources.