敦煌吐鲁番借贷契约的抵赦条款与国家对民间债负的赦免——唐宋时期民间高利贷与国家控制的博弈

The Articles that Resisting an Absolution from the Emperor in Loan Contracts Found in Tunhuang and Turfan and the Commands of Remitting Civil Debts by the Emperor in That Time——the conflict between the civil usury and state control in Tang and Song Dyna

敦煌吐鲁番借贷契约中的“公私债负停征,此物不在停限”、“后有恩赦,不在免限”等抵赦条款,是民间社会对抗国家赦免私债的契约表现。始于北魏时期的国家对私债的赦免,针对的是“偿利过本,翻改券契”等民间高利贷行为;唐、五代及南宋、元初赦令,延续了这个传统。这一赦免初衷,也波及到无息借贷,致使抵赦条款也出现在无息借贷契约中,反映了民间防御意识的加强。契约中的抵赦条款的反复出现与国家免除民间债负赦令的频繁发布,反映了民间高利贷与国家控制的长时间博弈。明清时,国家不再以赦令形式免除私债,契约中的抵赦条款也随即消失。

The articles that resisting an absolution from emperor in loan contracts found in Tunhuang and Turfan which remark ＂ceasing to collect public and civil debts, except this one＂.＂ if there is an absolution afterwards, it doesn＇t affect this one＂, are the representations of civil society resisting the absolution from the emperor. Remitting civil debts begins from Northern Wei Dynasty, which aims at civil usury, such as ＂interest exceeding principal, change the contract＂ and so on; the absolution in Tang Dynasty.Five Dynasties.South Song and Yuan Dynasty inherits this tradition. Besides, this absolution also affects the interest -free loan contracts, so that there are articles that resisting an absolution from the emperor in this kind of contract. From this phenomenon we can see the strengthening of civil defending consciousness. The articles that resisting an absolution from the emperor in contracts appear again and again, but in the same time the commands of remitting civil debts promulgate in high frequency. All of these reflect the conflict between the civil usury and state control. In Ming and Qing Dynasties, the emperor doesn＇t use the commands of remitting civil debts, so the articles in a contract that resisting an absolution from the emperor also disappear.