法人侵权责任能力的理论预设与制度设计——以法人本质理论为线索

A Legal Person's Tortuous Liabilities:In Perspective of the Nature of the Legal Person

我国民法学界以法人实在说承认法人的独立意志为理由,论证了法人承担侵权责任能力的合理基础,继而对拟制说进行批判,而事实上法人承担侵权责任完全是基于特定利益衡量的立法构造,与其意志的有无没有必然的关联。法人的侵权责任是法人机关的侵权责任,从形式逻辑的角度而言,它与法人的工作人员的侵权责任是有本质区别的,但就立法构造而言二者区分并无实际价值,在法人侵权责任具体承担方式上应该采取让法人机关与法人承担连带责任的方式。

Based on the ＂real theory＂ that advocates that a legal person has independent will, civil law scholars in China thus justify a legal person＇ s undertaking tortuous liabilities and animadvert on the ＂fiction theory. ＂ However, the legislative reason why a legal person should assume tortuous liabilities lies indeed in benefit weighing rather than its will. Tortuous liabilities of a legal person indicate the liabilities of its institution, which are, from the point of formal logic, quite different from those of its employees. But in perspective of legislation, it is of no practical value to differentiate them. This author determines that China＇ s civil law should specify that a legal person and its institution assume joint and several tortuous liabilities.