辩论主义:溯源与变迁——民事诉讼中当事人与法院作用分担的再思考

The Adversary System's Origin and Change:Reflecting on the Function of the Court and the Party in Civil Litigation

强调当事人自我责任的辩论主义是19世纪自由主义思潮在民事诉讼中的反映。辩论主义提供的只是关于民事诉讼基本构造的指导性法理,而不是彻底否定法院职权探知的理由。在辩论主义的百年变迁中,始终伴随着对其内涵的全面限制及法院协助当事人提供事实与证据义务的普遍强化。我国《民事诉讼法》在确立辩论主义原则时,应重视在诉讼资料收集层面当事人与法院的协作,强化法院的实体性诉讼指挥义务并赋予辩论主义新的内涵。

The adversary system, centering on party self-liability, reflects in civil litigation the liberalism of the 19th century. It only tells us in jurisprudence how to build the basic structure of civil litigation and does not entirely negate the doctrine of court control. Within one hundred years of evolution, the connotation of the adversary system always remains restrained and at all times a stress is cast on the court＇ s assisting the parties to render facts and evidence. While introducing the adversary principle into China＇ s civil procedural law, we should pay heed to the cooperation of the parties with the court in information collection, emphasize the court＇ s substantive directive duty and attach some new connotations to the adversary system.