抗生素类兽药对植物和土壤微生物的生态毒理学效应研究进展

A Review on Ecotoxicology of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals to Plants and Soil Microbes

规模化养殖快速发展,常使用兽药来防治各种禽畜病害,导致大量兽药随动物粪便排出体外.含有残留兽药的粪便作为有机肥施入农田而造成土壤污染,对人类健康和生态系统产生潜在危害.养殖业使用的主要兽药种类为抗生素类药物,且用量逐年增加,目前土壤中兽药残留浓度范围为μg·kg-1级到g·kg-1级.在总结国内外及本课题组相关研究的基础上,论文较为系统地概述了兽药对植物生长和土壤微生物群落功能和结构的影响,探讨了今后兽药生态毒理学研究的主要方向.抗生素类兽药对植物和土壤微生物群落的影响受兽药种类、土壤因子(如有机质含量、矿物类型等)的影响.植物吸收抗生素类兽药可能是主动吸收过程,且大量在植物根系内累积,同时也可在植物地上部累积.抗生素类兽药极易诱导产生大量抗药菌,并可能诱导产生群落抗性(Pollution-Induced Community Tolerance,PICT),将对包括人类在内的生态系统健康产生深远影响.

Thousands of tons of pharmaceutically active substances are used in veterinary medicines in intensive animal and poultry production, and most of the drugs are poorly absorbed by animals after intake. The animal excrements containing unchanged drugs and temporarily inactivated forms are either directly or indirectly released into soils and other environments by spreading animal excrements from animal husbandry as fertilizer into agricultural soils. Resulting residual concentrations ranges from a few μg up to g·kg^-1. Effects of veterinary pharmaceuticals on plants and soil microbial community function and structure are diverse, mainly depending on veterinary antibiotic characteristics and soil factors including soil organic matter content, soil and clay types. Possibly, antibiotic uptake by plant is an energy-dependent process, which cause potential problems to human health. It is likely that pollution induced community resistance （PICT） can be provoked greatly by veterinary pharmaceuticals and can be affected by diverse soil factors, which is a great risk to ecosystem health including human beings.