破产法的程序结构与利益平衡机制

The Procedural Structure and the Interest Equality Mechanism in the Bankruptcy Law

我国2006年破产法因在程序设计中采取了“一个大门,三个小门”的设计思路,因而,破产法必然含有破产清算程序、和解程序与重整程序共同适用的部分,也含有各自的特别规定。“三种程序”的共用部分,包括:申请程序;公告与通知程序;管理人及其职责;破产债权;破产债权的申报;债务人的财产;破产费用与共益债务;取回权、抵销权、撤销权;法律责任等。而特别部分包括各种程序的启动主体、启动后的效力、程序之间的转换等。除此以外,因破产法是对债务人财产的一次性概括处理,因此,各种利害关系人的利益冲突在破产法上尤为突出,主要表现在:债权人与债务人之间的利益冲突、债权人与出资人之间的利益冲突、债权人与债权人之间的利益冲突、有担保债权人与无担保债权人之间的利益冲突、申报债权的债权人与未申报债权的债权人利益冲突、共益债权人与一般债权人之间的利益冲突、管理人与债权人之间的利益冲突、职工利益与其他利害关系人利益的冲突等,破产法对于这些利益冲突进行了平衡性制度安排。但在对这些冲突进行了平衡性制度安排的背后,却存在着有争议的价值判断。

As the 2006 Bankruptcy Law adopts a 3 - branch structure in terms of its procedural design, it must contain a common part and specific parts for the 3 branches, namely the Bankruptcy Liquidation Procedure, the Composition Procedure, and the Reorganization Procedure. The common part includes the application procedure, the publication and notification procedure, the administrator and its responsibility, the bankruptcy creditorship, the declaration of bankruptcy creditorship, the debtor＇s property, the cost of bankruptcy proceedings and the bankrupt debts relating to joint interests, the right of recall, setoff and revocation, and the legal responsibilities. The specific part covers the initiator of procedures, the effect after initiation, and the interchange between procedures, etc. Moreover, as the bankruptcy law provides a one - time general treatment of the debtor＇s property, the conflict of interests between the parties is highlighted particularly, which is expressed as the conflicting interests between debtor and creditor, between creditor and investor, between creditors, between secured creditor and unsecured creditor, between creditor of declared credit and creditor of undeclared credit, and between creditor of common benefit and general creditors. For the conflicting interests, the Bankruptcy Law provides a balancing institutional arrangement, behind which, however, exists a valuation under dispute.