从黑奴制到收成制——美国南方重建时期经济体制和社会阶级结构的变化

The Economic and Social Revolution during Reconstruction in the American South

美国南方重建时期,农业生产形式从黑奴制走向收成制。收成制的确立,引发商业领域的作物借贷制和乡村商店的兴盛,收成制、作物借贷制和乡村商店共同构成重建时期美国南方新经济体制的基础。随着奴隶制的废除和收成制的确立,奴隶主和奴隶的关系转变为种植园主和佃农的关系。社会阶级结构的其他变化还表现在:第一,种植园主阶级继续占据统治地位,但其权力日益受到商人和企业主的挑战,作为挑战和应战的结果,三者出现相互渗透;第二,自耕农阶级瓦解,部分继续拥有一份薄地,大部分沦为无地的佃农、白人佃农、穷白人和黑人佃农的界限日趋模糊。

With the agricultural form changed from the Slavery to the Sharecropping during the Reconstruction of the American South, the Sharecropping, the crop - lien laws and the country store became the new economic bases. After the Slavery was abolished, the relations between the slave - owner and the slave became the relations between the landlord and the tenant. The other changes in social stratum ： 1, The landlord, the businessman and the entrepreneur permeated each other, and they occupied a dominant position in society. 2, The farmer class crumbled, and also, it~ more and more difficult to draw a clear line between the white tenant, the poor white and the black tenant.