广西农村寄宿学校饮水微生物污染与介水传染病关系分析

ANALYSIS ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CURRENT MICROBIAL POLLUTION SITUATION IN DRINKING WATER AND WATER BORNE DISEASES IN GUANGXI RURAL BOARDING SCHOOLS

[目的]掌握农村寄宿中小学校饮水微生物污染现状及其与肠道传染病发生和流行的密切程度,为预防和控制肠道传染病在农村寄宿学校的发生和流行提供科学依据。[方法]按照卫生部《生活饮用水卫生规范》(2001)对209所农村寄宿学校饮用水末梢水进行采样,并对3项微生物指标细菌总数、总大肠菌群和粪大肠菌群进行检验和评价;收集、汇总2000年01月～2005年11月的肠道传染病疫情资料,现场调查核实由于饮水引起暴发性传染病的种类、次数和患病人数等,并对典型介水传播肠道传染病暴发疫情进行相关描述和分析。[结果]农村寄宿学校饮用水微生物指标合格率仅为35.89%,其中以乡镇水厂和无设施自备水源供水合格率最低,分别为26.92%和33.54%;乡镇供水水质总大肠菌群、粪大肠菌群和细菌总数超标率依次为69.23%、57.69%和42.31%;无消毒设施自备水源供水水质总大肠菌群、粪大肠菌群和细菌总数超标率依次为67.07%、63.41%和43.29%;有消毒设施自备水源供水水质合格率为68.42%,其总大肠菌群、粪大肠菌群和细菌总数超标率依次为31.58%、31.58%和15.79%;2000年以来发生在209所寄宿学校肠道传染病暴发疫情49起,81.63%为经水传播,疫情暴发和流行主要由于水源被生活污水污染以及未对饮水进行有效消毒引起。[结论]广西农村地区寄宿学校饮水受微生物严重污染,是导致多年来伤寒副伤寒等肠道传染病疫情在农村寄宿学校发生的根本原因;必须采取有效消毒措施以保证农村寄宿学校师生饮水安全。

[Objectives] To master the relationship between current pollution situation in drinking water and the occurrence and prevalence of infectious intestine diseases in rural boarding schools, provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of infectious intestine diseases in boarding school in Guangxi. [ Methods ] According to requirement of ＂Sanitary＂ Standards for Drinking Water Quality＂ （Moll, 2001 ）, the end-use water samples from 209 rural boarding schools were collected, and the three microbial parameters of total coliform, fecal coliform and total bacteria were analyzed and assessed. The epidemic data of infectious intestine disease from Jan 2000 to Nov 2005 were collected. The field survey was applied to verify the outbreak types, times and ill cases, etc, which were related to infectious water-berne diseases. The relationship analysis and description were carried out in typical outbreaks of infectious water-borne diseases. [ Results] The compliance rate of microbial parameters in boarding schools was only 35.89%, of which, the lowest compliance rates were assessed in township water supply （26.92%） and water supply providing for themselves without treatment process （33.54%） . The un-compliance rates for total coliform, fecal coliform and total bacteria were 69.23%, 57.69% and 42.31% respectively. The un-compliance rates for total coliform, fecal coliform and total bacteria in water supply providing for themselves without disinfection were 67.07%, 63.41% and 43.29%, respectively. The compliance rates in water supply providing for themselves with disinfection was 68.42%, of which the un-compliance rates for total coliform, fecal coliform and total bacteria were 31.58%, 31.58% and 15.79% respectively. There were 49 outbreaks in 209 boarding schools after 2000. 81.63% of them were by water transmission. The outbreak were mainly due to the raw water polluted by sewage and without disinfection measures. [Conclusion] The drinking water in rural boarding school in Guangxi is highly polluted, and this is a fundamental reason for infectious intestine diseases, such as typhoid and paratyphoid for many years in this kind of school. The effective disinfection measure has to be adopted to ensure drinking water safety in boarding schools.