通过水资源整体多目标利用和管理推进澜沧江──湄公河流域的持续发展

FACILITATING REGIONAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTEGRATED MULTI-OBJECTIVE UTILIZATION MANAGEMENT OF WATER RESOURCES IN THE LANCANG-MEKONG RIVER BASIN

澜沧江──湄公河是中国和东南亚地区最为重要的国际河流，目前成为国际上众多国家、国际组织关注和投资的热点地区［１，３］。按亚洲开发银行（ＡＤＢ）组织的“大湄公河次区域合作计划”［４］直接影响地域２３２×１０４ｋｍ２，人口超过２．２亿，大范围内的自然环境、社会和经济状况都将发生巨大变化。１９９５年４月５日下湄公河四国签署的《湄公河流域持续发展合作协定》［５］，为该流域区的持续发展注入了新机。据初步分析，如果以水资源多目标综合利用为目的进行整体规划和管理，将能源开发集中在澜沧江干流和下湄公河支流，在洞里萨湖修建拦河闸堰，在湄公河三角洲修建泄洪道，在大城市与人口和耕地集中而易遭受洪水危害的干流两侧兴建防洪堤，并加强水文、气象预测和预报，则下湄公河流域的电力需求及灌溉、洪水、咸水入侵以及土壤酸性水危害等问题，在很大程度上均可得到解决，无需兴建庞大的下湄公河干流梯级电站（水库），这不仅可以避免大量的资金投入、大规模的移民和土地淹没，而且可以阻止大坝对湄公河水生生物的危害，促进流域持续发展。

The Lancang-Mekong River is the most important international river across China and the southeast Asia. If it is developed according to 'Great Mekong Subregional Cooperation Planu' prepared by ADB, the area directly effected will be upto over 2. 32 million square km,the population over 220 million, and the natural environment, social and economic conditions within a large area will be greatly changed. 'Agreement on cooperation for Sustainable development of Mekong Basin' signed by the four riparian countries along the lower Mekong River on April 5, 1995 provides a new opportunity for sustainable development of the Basin. According to preliminary analysis, if the multi purpose utilization of the water resources is the target of carrying out integrated planning and management, thus focusing on energy exploration on the Lancang river mainstream and the tributaries of the lower Mekongr river. building gated weirs ai Tonle Sap, constructing spillways at the Mekong Delta . facilitating flood dykes at big cities and on both banks of the mainstream which are crowded with populaion and farmland and easy to be subject to flood, and strengthening forecasting networks for forecasting hydrological and meteorological conditions, all such problems as the power demand, irrigation,flood, salt water invading as well as acid water crosion to soil will greatly be solved without constructing large cascaded stations and dams on the lower Mekong mainstream, which not only mayavoid input of great number of fund, large-scale resettlement and inundating land,hut also prevent aquatic animals living in Mekong River from being injured due to dam construction.thus promoting the sustainable development of the basin.