任运随缘 大钓不钓——中晚唐钓鱼诗词的佛禅意趣

Fishing without Desire: a Random Talk of the Fishing Poetry in the Middle and Late Tang Dynasty

钓鱼,本与中国本土的儒道两家文化有着很深的渊源,庄子的《渔父》和屈原的《渔父》,乃文学史上最早以垂钓为题材的作品。唐代,佛学发达,中唐以后禅宗大行于世,钓鱼又带上了佛禅的文化意味,致使这一时期的钓鱼诗词具有了不同于初盛唐同类诗歌的创作旨趣。初盛唐的钓鱼诗大多比较质实,主要描写垂钓的环境和垂钓者怡然自得的情致,以及由垂钓而触发的人生感慨,从而形成一种轻快明净的调子。而中晚唐的钓鱼诗词却不同于此,禅宗不执著、随缘旷放的生命哲学,与道家自然无为、自由逍遥的人生智慧不谋而合,促成了中晚唐士人颓唐、放达的人生态度,诗酒留恋,渔歌畅情,成为士大夫风雅生活的内容之一。佛与渔的相通之处,被发挥到极致。这一时期的钓鱼诗词具有浓厚的佛禅意趣,具体表现为:任运随缘的人生态度;不加外求的佛学禅理;大钓不钓的开悟境界。而从文学映现生活的意义上来说,这些作品则从一个侧面反映了一个时代知识分子阶层的心理期许和人格精神。

Fishing had the complex relationship with the Confucianism and the Taoism, which was represented by the articles of Fisherman written by QU Yuan and Zhuang-zi respectively, which were the earliest literatures taking fishing as theme. However, the great development of the Buddhism in the Tang Dynasty, especially the popularity of Chan Sect after the Middle Tang Dynasty, made the fishing connect with the philosophy of Buddhism, as a result of which the fishing poetry had the different writing interest from those in the Early Tang Dynasty. Most of the fishing poetries in the Early Tang Dynasty were plain and easy, which put the focus on the fishing environment, the fisher＇s easy mind and the emotional sign of the life. On the contrary, the fishing poems in the Middle and Late Tang Dynasty had the different focus. The compatibility of the life philosophy of non-persistence, adaptation to the situations in the Chan Sect with the life wisdom of following the nature and freedom in the Taoism made the poets in the Middle and Late Tang Dynasty hold the dispirited and presumptuous attitude to life. As a result, expressing the love of life by poetry and drinking and the emotion by fishing and singing became one part of the elegant life of the scholars. The strong sense of the Buddhism in the fishing poetry in this period was expressed in the aspects such as the life attitude of adapting to the situations, the Buddhism theory of Chan Sect of no material pursuit, and the enlightened state of fishing without desire. Therefore, these literatures reflected the inner expectation and the human spirit of the intelligentsia class at that time from the sense of reflecting the life from the perspective of literature.