梁启超与钱穆的专门史观初探

Liang Qi-chao and Qian Mu's Viewpoint of the Specialized History

近代著名学者梁启超和钱穆,都对史学理论尤其是专门史的理论和方法,作过深入系统的研究,分别在20世纪20-30年代和60年代著有《中国历史研究法》,成为上世纪中前期我国史学理论和方法研究的重要成果。在论述专门史的研究时,他们都借鉴和扬弃我国传统史学理论方法以及近代西方历史文化观,从部分与全部、特殊与一般,以及从专门史与普通史关系的角度来诠释专门史,从而形成富有时代气息和个性特点的专门史观。而二者的专门史观又有一定的差异,梁启超把历史分为专门史和普遍史,不只是表明历史的部分与整体之间的关系,更为重要的是认为专门史是与普遍史或文化史相对应的,是明了全部历史的基础;钱穆则强调从文化、通史的角度研究专史,又由专史而通史,以见历史大体。总之,梁启超突出传统的史体和史法的继承,钱穆侧重文化和哲学的追寻,这是他们的专门史观区别较大的地方。

Liang Qi-chao and Qian Mu, famous scholars in the modem times, have researched the theory of history, especially the viewpoint of specialized history and written the books of Methodology in the Study of Chinese History in the 20th century, in which they express their viewpoint of specialized history in the books. They draw lessons from Chinese traditional history and the western standpoint of history and culture in the modern times. Liang divides the history into the specialized history and the universal history, thinking that the specialized history is equivalent to the universal and cultural history and is the foundation of the research. And Qian stresses the importance of culture and coherent history, whose viewpoint is close to the connotation of modern viewpoint of specialized history. In a word, Liang puts emphasis on inheriting traditional methodology of research on history, while Qian stresses the culture and philosophy.