对罗尔斯宣言的一种解读

A Reading of Rawls' Theory of Justice

罗尔斯所致力于的,不是经验地描述既有的制度允许或是不允许哪类行动,不是把任何给定的制度或行动当作现成的正义模型然后再对其他制度和行动予以解释和评价。罗尔斯关注的,是如何为制度正义、行动正义、动机正义乃至人格正义的结构内容和它们之间的结构关系提供合理解释和规范辩护。因此,当罗尔斯在他正义之思的开篇宣言里重点提及制度的正义问题时,他一定不是在漠视行动正义、动机正义或人格正义。相反,当罗尔斯强调正义的首要主题是社会制度时,他一定有更深的理由认为:要首先对关乎社会制度的社会正义进行建构式理解,才能更深地洞悉人的正义(行动的、动机的、人格的正义)。

What Rawls works for is certainly not to make empirical description of which kinds of actions could be permitted by existing institutions. Neither does he regard any existing institutions and actions as given mode of justice in order to make accounts and judgments of others. What concerns Rawls is how to provide reasonable interpretations of and normative justification for the structural contents of justice of institutions, actions, motivations and even personality, as well as the structural relationship among those mentioned. Therefore, when focusing on the justice of institutions in his preface to justice, Rawls must have not ignored the justice of actions, motivations and personality. Quite on the contrary, when stressing that the primary subject of justice is social institutions, Rawls must have deeper reasons to make this contention： only with constructive understanding of social justice can we make deeper insights into the justice of men, the justice of actions, motivations, and personality.