新疆准噶尔盆地荒漠大沙鼠鼠疫自然疫源地调查研究概述

Outline of Investigation on Plague Natural Focus of Rhombomys opimus in Junggar Basin,Xinjiang

本文概述了世界沙鼠鼠疫自然疫源地及其主要宿主。新疆准噶尔盆地荒漠自1956年调查大沙鼠(Rhombomys opi-mus)鼠疫自然疫源地以来,曾检验大沙鼠8 139只,其体外寄生蚤50 054只,结果均为阴性。2005年首次于准噶尔盆地荒漠大沙鼠体内及其寄生蚤(Xenopsylla minax,Echidnophaga oschanini)分离到14株鼠疫菌。该鼠疫菌的生化和毒力测定结果:麦芽糖、阿胶糖、甘油阳性,鼠李糖和脱氮阴性,其毒力差距很大(LD50为<10～>108),其主要特征与中亚荒漠鼠疫菌的生化特征相同,也和内蒙古长爪沙鼠鼠疫菌生化相同。以大沙鼠的生物学特性和流行病学特点及其体外寄生蚤和检出鼠疫菌的数量及生化毒力测定等结果,可以判定新疆准噶尔盆地荒漠为大沙鼠鼠疫自然疫源地。

Plague natural loci of Rhombomys opimus and the principal host in the world were reviewed in this paper. Since plague natural loci of Rhombomys opimus were investigated in the desert of Junggar Basin in Xinjiang in 1956, 8 139 of Rhombomys opimus and 50 054 of their ectoparasitic fleas had been inspected. All of the result was negative. In 2005, 14 strains of Yersinia pestis were first isolated from Rhombomys opimus and their ectoparasitic Xenopsylla minax and Echidnophaga oschanini in the desert of Junggar Basin. The biochemistry and virulence detection of Yersinia pestis were positive in the reaction to glucosylglucose, Arabinose and glycerine, negative to rhamnegin and denitrify. The virulence was various with LD50 from 〈 10 to 〉 10^8. The major characteristic was the same as the biochemistry character of Yersinia pestis from the desert in central Asia, and also as that from Meriones unguiculatus in Inner Mongolia. The desert in Junggar Basin of Xinjiang could be assessed plague natural focus of Rhombomys opimus according to the bionomics, epidemiological characteristic, ectoparasitic fleas of Rhombomys opimus, the number of detected Yersinia pestis and its biochemistry virulence.