清代的地方吏役、地方政府与官僚政治

Local Low-rank Officials, Local Governments and Bureaucratic Policy of Qing Dynast

清代地方吏役的行政权力来自于地方政府经济控制和行政权威的弱化,国家对地方吏役管理的失控已不可避免。现实行政的需要(包括官僚结构安排的不合理)把地方吏役推向了权力的前台,回报的低微和身份的不被认可激发了其生存本能和对生存价值的追求,而地方官员执政素质的普遍低劣则提供给其施展抱负的空间与机会。吏役在制造社会冲突的同时,也起到了调和国家与社会之间关系的作用,吏役行政游走于“正式活动”与“非正式活动”之间,与清代地方衙门组织的“去刚性化”形态一起维持着地方政制的运作。

The administrative power of local low-rank officials of Qing dynasty resulted from the declining economic and administrative power of local governments. The requirement of the administration pushed them to the fore of power, but the meagre reward and their unidentified status forced them to strive for a living and the value of life. In the meantime, the inferior administrative ability of local magistrates provided them with opportunities of realizing their ambitions. These low-rank officials, while giving rise to social conflicts, adjusted the relationship between the nation and the society as well.