认真对待刑事推定

Taking Criminal Presumptions Seriously

对我国刑事立法和司法中44个推定的实证分析表明,刑事推定在放松控方证明要求的同时又将存疑风险转移到被告人身上,背离了排除合理怀疑的证明标准,直接危及无罪推定原则所保护的价值与利益。对排除合理怀疑的证明标准不应作纯程序的解读,有必要将其与实体意义上的惩罚权相联系。对刑事推定的规制,本质上属于对国家刑罚权的限制,只有在满足相应的实体与程序条件时,才允许适用有利于控方的刑事推定。

The empirical analysis of 44 criminal presumptions in our criminal law indicates that they relax the proving requirement to the prosecution and shift the risk of doubt to defendants, deviating from the proof standard of beyond a reasonable doubt and directly threatening the values and interests protected by the principle of presumption of innocence. The proof standard of beyond a reasonable doubt should not be explained from a pure procedural perspective. It is necessary to connect it with the state power of criminal sanction in the substantial sense. The regulation of the criminal presumptions is essentially a restriction to the state power of criminal sanction. Only when all the related substantial and procedural standards are satisfied, can the criminal presumption in favor of the prosecution be applied.