“西马”当代资本主义研究的文化及历史哲学检视

Western Marxism on Contemporary Capitalism——An Examination in the Perspective of Cultural and Historical Philosophy

在关于现当代资本主义问题上,早期西方马克思主义与晚期马克思主义之间并不存在断裂。早期西方马克思主义的确延续了黑格尔的哲学精神并且发扬了马克思的实践哲学以及哲学人类学,但同时也展开了对现代资本主义人性以及社会文化结构的深入剖析与批判。这些批判对整个资本主义而言具有一般的性质,也形成了西方马克思主义的稳定的社会批判传统,不仅为法兰克福学派所发扬,也为70年代以来西方马克思主义进一步发扬。晚期西方马克思主义并没有离弃早期西方马克思主义关于资本主义哲学批判的基本主线。晚期西方马克思主义更多地关注后现代性、消费文化、大众文化、符号、身份、地方性、空间政治、技术—意识形态。这些变化表明,文化越来越成为当代资本主义的总体现象,但对于此类现象的分析批判,依然有赖于贯彻和深化马克思的唯物史观,特别是展开政治经济学批判及资本(主义)批判。

There is no rupture between the early-stage and the late-stage western Marxism. Inheriting Hegelism and carrying forward Marx＂ philosophy of praxis and philosophical anthropology, early western Marxism applied its critique to the human nature and the cultural structure of the capital society. These efforts are of general significance to the capitalism, thus bringing early theories of western Marxism into a tradition, which has been carried on by Frankfurt School and those western Marxists since the 1970s. The late-stage western Marxism never leaves behind its predeces.sor~ main interest in the philosophical criticism of capitalism, and lays more emphasis on postmodernity, consumerism, popular culture, signs, identity, locality, spatial politics, techno-ideology, etc. The changes show though culture is turning to be a main interest in the west, cultural critique is still based on Marxist historical materialism, especially the criticism of capitalism by Marxist political economics.