元大都孔庙、国子学的建筑模式与基址规模探析

A Study of the Architectural Style and Foundation Dimensions of the Confucian Temple and Guozixue in Yuan Dynasty Dadu

本文依据文献史料,对元大都孔庙、国子学的建设过程进行梳理,对建筑平面进行复原,确定其用地范围与基址规模,并通过分析探寻其设计规律与手法,发现设计中采用两套平格网．孔庙、国子学的基址规模与大都城市平格网的基准长度存在倍数关系,基址边界均在11步×12．5步的平格网线上;建筑群内部的平面布置受8步×10步的平格控制,总平面中重要控制线大多与网格线对应。根据这一规律,本文进一步对明清北京孔庙、国子监进行分析,发现明太祖、英宗两朝对元代孔庙、国子学展拓时,基址规模仍受元大都城市平格网控制,而永乐朝重建孔庙时沿用元代8步×10步的平格网,将东西廊庑分别向内收进一格,从而揭示元、明建筑模式与基址规模的内在一致性。

On the basis of documents,the author sifts through the stages in the construction of the Confucian Temple and Guozixue(National University)in Yuan Dynasty Dadu(Beijing), and succeeds in reconstructing the ground plans of these two structures,determining their outlines and foundations.By using design techniques,the author succeeds in determining the design grids used for these buildings.There was a direct correlation between the proportions of the design of the Mongol Yuan capital and these two buildings.The horizontal grid squares measured 11 paces by 12.5 paces.The internal grid was held at 8 paces by 10 paces.Most of the major control lines correlated with the lines of the grid.On the basis of these formulae, the author turns to examine the Confucian Temple and Guozixue of both the Ming and Qing dynasties,and discovers that Ming Emperors Taizu and Yongzong perpetuated the dimensions of the two buildings of the Yuan Dynasty while retaining the overall plan of Yuan Dadu,but that the Yongle Emperor rebuilt the Confucian Temple on a grid measuring 8 paces by 10 paces, bringing the eastern and western side halls closer by one grid square,even though the other dimensions were basically those determined in the Yuan Dynasty.