20世纪科尔沁的人口变化及其特征分析

The Population Change in Horqin in the 20th Century

利用蒙、汉、日语多种文献资料就科尔沁近百年的人口变化进行了分析,结果发现:一个世纪以来科尔沁人口增加很快,平均人口密度从民国初期的2.40人/km2增加到2000年的39.72人/km2,约为世纪初的17倍;新增人口主要为1949年前的关内流民、1949年中华人民共和国成立后的移民以及移民生育;人口增加最高峰出现在1949年后的计划移民时期,伪满时期的流民则构成了研究区近百年另一个显著的移民高潮;移入人口在科尔沁的分布受距离农区的空间间隔、科尔沁自然环境条件及其变化、城镇化等因素影响,人口密度呈现从科尔沁外围到腹地、从农耕区到农牧交错区和牧区、从城镇到农村牧区逐渐降低的空间分布特征,移入人口成为20世纪科尔沁的农耕主力军。

This paper analyzes the population change of Horqin in recent 100 years based on the Mongolian, Chinese and Japanese documents. The findings show that the population of Horqin has increased rapidly in recent 100 years. The average population density increased from 2.4 peosons/km^2 during the period of the Republic of China to 39.72 peosons/km^2 in 2000, 17 times that at the beginning of the 20th century. The increased population is mainly migratory people before 1949, the immigrants and their offsprings after the founding of the People＇s Republic of China in 1949. The study area has witnessed two population peaks in recent 100 years. One peak appeared in the planned migration period after 1949, and the other is the migratory people of the Puppet Manchuria State. The distribution of immigrants in Horqin was affected by the distance from agricultural area, natural environment condition of Horqin and its changes, urbanization and so on. Population density has turned out to be in gradual decline in terms of spatial distribution characteristics, from the periphery to the centre of Horqin, from agricultural area to agri-pastoral area and pastoral area, from city to village and pastoral area. The immigrants became the chief peasants of Horqin during the 20th century.