中尺度强暴雨云团云特征的多种卫星资料综合分析

Case Study on Cloud Properties of Heavy Rainfall Based upon Satellite Data

针对2002年6月23—27日发生于江淮地区的一次中尺度强暴雨过程,利用FY-1D,EOS和NOAA卫星的可见光、红外、微波通道遥感观测、反演资料,从相态、光学厚度、垂直结构等各方面分析云特征,并将分析结果与同时段地面雨量观测进行对比分析,发现云光学厚度大且云顶粒子为大粒子、冰相态是此次降雨过程中云团的主要云特征,地面雨量的大小与云光学厚度密切相关,两者间基本呈正相关关系;稳定少变的大光学厚度云或云光学厚度显著增大均可带来强的地面降水。微波资料可以很好地体现降雨云团的垂直结构。分析结果显示,卫星遥感对揭示中尺度强暴雨云团的云特征,具有很好的指示作用。

Heavy rainfall is one of meteorological disasters in China. Precipitation has complex spatial and temporal distribution. It is difficult to get 3-dimension information by regular observation method. Remote sensing is a kind of useful ways to monitor precipitation. Weather satellites have high space and time resolution which are becoming a kind of important measurements. Cloud is one of key factors to produce precipitation. To do research on heavy rainfall, it is needed to understand cloud properties well. It is important to investigate the relationship between clouds and strong precipitations and try to reveal kinds of cloud properties which can produce heavy rainfall by satellite data. Visible, infrared and microwave data of FY-1D, EOS and NOAA satellites are used to analyze cloud properties of the heavy rainfall case. Visible and infrared radiance data have high spatial resolution, and can be used to show the detailed property information of small convective cloud. But properties of cloud on visible and infrared channel don＇t have clear relationship with precipitation. In the atmosphere, rain particles have stronger effect than clouds on microwave. Rain particles also absorb and re-emit more radiance than cloud particles. Compared with visible and infrared data, microwave data can show the structure properties of strong precipitation cloud, although its spatial resolution is low. So it is very helpful to monitor 3-dimension properties of convective cloud if these different kinds of data can be combined together. Cloud phase, cloud optical thickness and cloud vertical structure are selected as analysis physical parameters. Using visible and infrared data, cloud phase and optical thickness can be retrieved. Microwave data can be directly obtained from NOAA/AMSU data. Precipitation data are also used to validate the analysis resuits. A heavy rainfall happens in Huaihe River drainage area from June 23 to 27,2002. This precipitation process is selected to study the relationship between cloud properties and heavy precipitation. Combined data （cloud phase, cloud optical thickness, microwave data and surface precipitation data） are used. Case study shows that clouds are mainly made up of ice clouds or large water cloud particles with thick cloud optical thickness when heavy rain happens. When cloud optical thickness increases or cloud optical thickness maintains large value during 6 hours, strong precipitation occurs on the surface. There exists a good positive relationship between precipitation and cloud optical thickness. The stronger the precipitation, the thicker the cloud optical thickness, or the more precipitation, the larger optical thickness difference during 6 hours. Clouds with stable large optical thickness or with great optical thickness increase will produce strong precipitation on the surface during a period of time. Different microwave channel data show different information coming from different atmosphere layer. When heavy rain appears, different microwave channel data could show strong convective structure from low layer to high layer of atmosphere. Analysis results show that cloud properties of heavy rain are shown better when different kinds of satellite remote sensing data are combined together.