1Wong CS,Chang CY,Yeh CC,et al.Loss of intrathecal morphine analgesia in terminal cancer patients is associated with high levels of excitatory amino acids in the CSF.Can J Anesth,2002,49:561~565.
2Trujillo KA,Akil H.Inhibition of morphine tolerance and dependence by the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801.Science,1991,251:85~87.
3Wen ZH,Chang YC,Chemg CH,et al.Increasing of intrathecal CSF excitatory amino acids concentration following morphine challenge in norphine-tolerant rats.Brain Research,2004,995:253~259.
4Mao J,Sung B,Ji RR,et al.Chronic morphine induces downregulation of spinal glutamate transporters:implication in morphine tolerance and abnormal pain sensitivity.J Neurosci,2002,22:8312~8323.
5Lim G,Wang SX,Mao J.cAMP and protein kinase A contribute to the downregulation of spinal glutamate transporters after chronic morphine.Neurosci Lett,2005,376:9~13.
6Vranken JH,Troost D,Wegener JT,et al.Neuropathological findings after continuous intrathecal administration of S(+)-ketamine for the management of neuropathic cancer pain.Pain,2005,117:231~235.
7Benrath J,Scharbert G,Gustorff B,et al.Longterm intrathecal S(+)-ketamine in a patient with cancer-related neuropathic pain.Br J Anaesth,2005,95:247~249.
8Stotz M,Oehen HP,Gerber H.Histological findings after long-term infusion of intrathecal ketamine for chronic pain:a case report.J Pain Symptom Manage,1999,18:223~228.