剑桥大学(2)

The University of Cambridge(2)

中世纪的大学 聚集到剑桥的学生很快按照在意大利和法国已很普通的学习模式，安排他们的学习计划。他们首先学习现在所谓的文科方面的“基础课程”——文法、逻辑和修辞——接着学习算术、音乐、几何学和天文学，为获得学士和硕士学位做准备。那时没有教授；教学由已经通过这些课程，并被（大学）同事组成的机构认可或许可的教师们进行。教学采取阅读和解释课文的方式；考试是口头辩论，考生提出一系列的问题或者与比他们稍微年长的对手辩论，

The students who flocked to Cambridge soon arranged their scheme of study after the pattern which had become common in Italy and France. They studied fast what would now be termed a ＂foundation course＂ in arts--grammar, logic and rhetoric--followed later by arithmetic, music, geometry and astronomy, leading to the degrees of bachelor and master. There were no professors; the teaching was conducted by masters who had themselves passed through the course and who had been approved or licensed by the whole body of their colleagues （university）. The teaching took the form of reading and explaining texts; the examinations were oral disputations in which the candidates advanced a series of questions or theses which they disputed or argued with opponents a little senior to themselves,