国际农业植物新品种知识产权保护格局探析及启示——基于WTO-TRIPS/UPOV模式的分析

Analysis of International IPR Protection Patterns on Plant Variety and Its Revelation for China——Basis on the Pattern of TRIPS and UPOV

植物新品种保护是农业知识产权保护的重点领域,是WTO《与贸易相关的知识产权协议》(简称TRIPS协议)中农业知识产权领域内最重要的组成部分。随着农业科学技术以及生物技术的发展,农作物优良品种对促进农业生产发挥着越来越重要的作用,农作物育种成为农业技术创新中最活跃的因素,植物新品种保护的竞争在国际农业竞争中已逐步取代农产品竞争,成为国际经济竞争的新焦点。文章全面分析了农业植物新品种保护的发展历程,以及WTO《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》下农业植物新品种保护复杂的发展格局:发达国家借TRIPS协议极力推行主要强化商业育种者利益的TRIPS协定下的UPOV保护模式,但个别发达国家也主张植物新品种保护的商业育种者利益的弱化,而一些发展中国家则正在积极寻求一个更适合于本国农业和社会经济环境的植物新品种保护模式,典型的如印度、非洲统一组织以及粮农组织的保护模式;并对该保护格局进行了相关博弈分析,从而提出了我国农业植物新品种保护制度发展的相关政策建议。

Plant variety protection is the most important part of the Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights （TRIPs） in agriculture intellectual property rights. With the development of agricultural and the biological technologies, crop breeding has become the most active factor in agricultural technological innovations. Presently, crop breeding IPR protection has replaced agriculture products as the focus of the international competition. Now, the situation of crop breeding in the world is complicated. Developed nations commonly push the pattern to strengthen the interests of commercial breeders through TRIPs. Yet developing countries are looking for a pattern protecting not only their breeders but also their farmers and local communities. This article analyses the different solutions of the new varieties plants protection between developed and the developing countries as well as and their tactics. Three related suggestions are made for china on plant variety protection systems.