德国的社会保险制度概况及其危机与改革

The General Situation and Reform of the Social Insurance System of Germany

19世纪末德国社会保险制度的建立是现代意义上的社会保障制度诞生的标志。德国的社会保险制度主要由养老、医疗、失业、工伤以及护理等五大保险构成,其主要特征是立法健全、自治管理、统放结合和三方合作。战后尤其是20世纪70年代以来,德国社会保险制度逐渐面临着开支膨胀、老龄化问题严重等危机,德国政府积极探索改革之道,希望通过开源节流、增加制度中个人的责任等措施来缓解社会保险与经济发展过程中存在的问题。

The foundation of social insurance system of Germany at the end of 19th century is the symbol of modern system of social insurance. The German system of social insurance is composed of 5 kinds of insurance： endowment insurance, unemployment insurance, medical insurance, industrial injury insurance and nurse insurance. Full legislation,autonomy.unification and cooperation are the characteristics of the system. As faced with crisis, such as expanding expenses and the aging problem of the population, the government is actively exploring ways to increase personal responsibility in the system and to undertake other measures to alleviate the problems that exist in the course of economic development.