同归而殊途——论司马迁与郑樵史学思想之“通”

Get to the Same Destination but From Different Ways——Discussing the Histry Thought of "Tong" from Si-Ma Qian and Zheng Qiao

《通志》、《史记》,同样博通古今,旨在治世之法,但是二书区别极大。首先郑樵作《通志》,旨在继孔子之遗志,传“至治成之法”;而司马迁修《史记》,其旨在续放绝之史记,留当世之治法。再深入探究,就会发现二书成书的条件——作者的学术思想渊源,作者所处时代之思想文化、政治特征以及个人的性情和经历等等都完全不同。郑樵是纯粹的儒者,身处政治上屈辱艰难、文化上儒学再盛的两宋之交,学问博洽而性情孤高,平生以著述立言为所愿;而司马迁则是圆融的学者,生于治世之际、学盛之时的西汉盛世,博学而且广见,所修之《史记》不是《通志》所能的相较的。

Tong Zhi and Shi Ji are the same erudite and informed, aiming at the law of peaceful and prosperous times, but these two books differentiate a maximum. In the first place, Zheng Qiao composed Tong Zhi with the purpose of succeeding to the unfulfilled wish of Confucius, spreading the law of peaceful and prosperous times. However Si-ma Qian composed Shi Ji with the purpose of succeeding to the historical records that had already been broken off and reserving the law of peaceful and prosperous time from the present age. Going deep into exploration again, you can find that the writing condictions of these two books are totally different in terms of the origin of the author＇ s thought, the cultrue and politics of what the author were getting along as well as personal temperament and experience etc. Zheng Qiao was a pure Confucianist, who was at the difficult times in politics and also the prosperous age in civilization whereas Si-ma Qian was a wisdom scholar, who was born at a peaceful and prosperous times. So Zheng Qiao＇ s Tong Zhi cannot compare with Si-ma Qian＇ s Shi Ji.