非经典逻辑观与法律论证的评价——兼论苏珊·哈克逻辑哲学思想

Comment on the Viewpoint of Non-Classical Logic and Legal Argumentation——On Susan Haack's Thought of the Philosophy of Logic

苏姗.哈克使逻辑哲学发展成为独立的学科。逻辑哲学的中心问题是对于逻辑系统与现实原型“恰当相符性”的不断探索。逻辑理论具有可修正性,经典逻辑的公理和规则本身需要不断修正,多种非经典逻辑的出现是必要的和可能的。这样,才能更好地适应现实原型的要求。逻辑的中心问题则是有效论证与非有效论证的区别问题。关于论证有效性的评价,哈克提出,存在着形式的(语形的)、实质的(语义的)和修辞的(语用的)标准这样三种由强到弱的有效性标准。法律论证的核心问题也是论证的有效性,可以把苏珊.哈克的逻辑哲学思想灵活运用于有关法律的逻辑与法律论证的评价标准的分析,并且将哈克的这三种有效性标准有机地结合起来。

Susan Haaek makes the philosophy of logic become one independent subject. Thekey question of the philosophy of logic is to inquire into the logical systems and the ＂propereorrespondenee＂ of the real prototype. Logical theory has the quality of revision. The axiomsand rules of classical logic themselves need to be gradually revised and the rise of manynon - classical logics is necessary and possible. Through this way, we can meet the need of thereal prototype better. The key point of logic is to differentiate the effective argumentation andnon - effective argumentation. As for the appreciation of validity of the argumentation, Haackproposes that there are three kinds of validity standards, that is formal standard（syntax）, substantive standard（semantic） and rhetorical（pragmatic）.The force of these three kinds goes from strong to weak. From our point of view, the key point of legal argumentation is also the validity of argumentation. We can apply flexibly Haack＇ s thought of the philosophy of logic to the analysis of the logic of law and the appreciating standard of legal argumentation, and combine Haack＇ s three standards of validity organically.