俄罗斯风景园林的历史与现在

Landscape Architecture in Russia:Past and Present

11-17世纪俄罗斯东正教影响了城市园林、私家花园和修道院庭园的发展。沙皇彼得大帝(1682-1725)将源自西方的法国规则式园林设计手法以一种巨大的尺度移植到俄罗斯帝国的“大地”上。新的风景倾向(英国特点的风景园)与叶卡捷琳娜二世(1762-1796)有关。在苏维埃时期(1917-1991年),俄罗斯风景园林受到社会和政治的强烈影响。文化与休憩公园就是在20世纪20年代末形成的。在1941-1945年的卫国战争中,有数百万人失去了生命,1710座城镇被摧毁,于是出现了胜利公园、综合性纪念公园和纪念陵园等其他苏维埃风景园林形式。在20世纪60-80年代的“发达社会主义”时期,又有了纪念苏维埃政府和苏维埃领导人特别纪念日的苏维埃公园的新类型。苏维埃风景园林的另一个重要内容是对最优秀的历史园林修复流派的发展。“为新俄罗斯人”兴建私家别墅之风的盛行是后苏维埃时代(1991年至今)的特征。风景园林职业此时也在俄罗斯兴盛起来,风景园林的全球化和西方化进程非常迅速。同时,在俄罗斯媒体和业界有很多关于风景园林发展趋势的讨论。俄罗斯风景园林的未来何在,怎样才能保持俄罗斯特点以及俄罗斯古典园林和苏维埃公园的传统,是需要讨论和研究的问题。

The Russian Orthodox Church influenced the development of cities, private and monastery gardens in 11-17 centuries. Tsar Peter the Great 11682-1725） grafted Western methods of French formal gardens into the Russian ＂soil＂ on a huge imperial scale. New landscape tendencies （Landscape/English approach） connected with the Empress Catherine the Second （1762-1796）. Russian landscape architecture during Soviet time 11917- 1991） had strong social and political influences. Parks of culture and rest were crystallized in the late 1920＇s. The Great Patriotic War （1941-1945） resulted in the loss of millions of people and catastrophic destruction （1 710 towns and cities were destroyed）, and this crystallized other types of Soviet landscape architedure-Vidory Parks, Memorial Complexes and Memorial Cemeteries. The period of ＂Developed Socialism＂ of the 1960 to lgS0＇s saw a new type of Soviet Park dedicated to special memorial dates of Soviet State and Soviet Leaders. Another important part of Soviet landscape architecture was the development of one of the best historical park and gardens restoration school. Post Soviet time （since 1991） has been characterized by the blooming of private villa construdion for ＂New Russians＂. The landscape architecture profession is also blooming in Russia at the moment. There is a very rapid process of Globalization and Westernization of landscape architecture. There are a lot of debates at the moment in the Russian press and in lhe profession about these tendencies. What is the future of Russian landscape architecture？ How is it possible to keep Russian identity and traditions of classical Russian and Soviet parks？