区域生态安全概念及评价体系的再认识

Recognition on regional ecological security definition and assessment system

生态安全概念的提出已有十多年,但是至今还未有一个统一的定义。在“生态”涵义上的分歧导致了“生态安全”的许多种解释:强调生物(系统)与环境或与其他生物之间可持续发展关系的生态安全理解;强调生态环境涵义的生态安全理解;强调环境安全的生态安全理解;强调复合生态系统的生态安全理解。在生态安全评价体系上大多学者沿用“压力-状态-响应(P-S-R)”概念框架,但是通过本人实践和综合各位学者研究,反映出基于P-S-R框架的生态安全评价在生态安全状态研究上有余,安全趋势研究不足;总体研究有余,空间差异研究不足;现象研究有余,安全机理研究不足;结果理论性有余,实践指导性不足。在实际生产生活中人们更加关注的不仅是生态安全的现时状态,而是生态安全未来发展趋势。在安全科学中影响安全的因素是隐患,它在一定条件下触发或由量变累积到质变,安全状态就发生改变甚至突变。生态安全从诞生时起就孕育着各种隐患,而且无时无刻不受到隐患及危害的威胁,隐患因素的跨边界性传递作用又导致了生态安全空间差异性。因此生态安全是一个空间概念,区域生态安全是人与环境复合系统保障由于自然因素和人类活动或二者共同作用而产生的生态安全隐患对人类生态安全空间不构成威胁的状态或演变趋势的可能性。由于生态安全的动态性和空间性,仅仅基于“压力-状态-响应”(P-S-R)框架的状态评价研究是远不能全面客观解释与分析生态安全过程。为全面剖析生态安全的内涵,完善生态安全的理论,生态安全评价体系需要在不同区域的生态安全(特殊)机理研究,生态安全隐患研究,生态安全趋势预测研究,生态安全预警系统研究4个方面进一步深入地发展,使之更好地指导实践工作。

This paper sums up the concept of ecological security. It can be divided into four kinds according to the understanding of ＂ecology＂ ： （ 1 ） the concept that emphasizes the relation with sustainable development of each other; （2） the concept that emphasizes the meaning of eco-environment, （3） the concept that emphasizes environmental security, （4） the concept that emphasizes multiple ecosystems. The limitations of the assessment based on Pressure-State-Response （ P-S-R） are： the scarce security trend, the scarce spatial difference, the scarce mechanism and practice. People pay more attention to the ecological security evolvement trend. The security factors are dangers that are to be triggered or accumulated under certain conditions. Security states will evolve even mutate because of the dangers Ecological security from beginnings is threatened by all kinds of dangers. The danger factors span regional boundary, which lead to the spatial differences of ecological security. So, ecological security is a spatial concept. Regional ecological security means that the existing state and evolving probability should prevent human ecological security space from the harm of dangers factors that are caused by nature and human activity. It is not enough to explain and analyze ecological security based on the mechanism of pressure-state-response. In depth research and assessment system is necessary for perfecting ecological security theory and directing practice. The aspects that should be developed are suggested in the paper, they are： the especial ecological security mechanism of different regions; dangers research; the evolvement trend forecast; early warning system.