辐照技术在储粮害虫防治中的应用

APPLICATION OF IRRADIATION FOR INSECT DISINFESTATIONS OF CEREAL GRAIN

辐照杀虫是利用电离辐射与害虫的相互作用所产生的物理、化学和生物效应,导致害虫不育或死亡的一种物理防虫技术。用于辐照杀虫处理的射线主要是γ射线(60Co或137Cs)、10MeV以下电子束以及5MeV以下的X射线,其中钴源辐照杀虫产业化发展迅速,电子束和X射线辐照发展相对滞后,随着近年来加速器技术的进步,电子束辐照杀虫显示出独特的优势,并受到越来越广泛的重视。辐照对不同储粮害虫、同一种储粮害虫的不同发育时期和性别有着不同的生物学效应,总体来看储粮害虫对辐照较为敏感:不同害虫的辐射敏感性顺序为:鞘翅目>蜱螨目>鳞翅目;同种害虫不同虫态的敏感性顺序为:卵、幼虫>蛹>成虫;雌性害虫的敏感性大于雄性害虫。粮食辐照杀虫工艺流程一般包括:辐照前处理、虫情调查、剂量决策、辐照处理、辐照后管理和重复辐照等几个部分。在辐照杀虫的工艺剂量(0.3～0.5kGy)条件下,辐照对粮食的食用品质和功能特性没有影响,辐照后的粮食也不存在卫生安全性问题。因此,辐照杀虫技术作为一种安全有效的储粮害虫防治手段,是储粮化学药剂的一种重要补充和替代,在储粮害虫防治领域有着巨大的市场前景。

Irradiation practice for insect disinfestations is one physica insect control method, which causes the insect sterile or death by the physical, chemical and biological effects when the ionizing radiation acts on insects. The ionizing radiation which maybe applied in irradiating grains is limited to gamma rays from the radio - nuclides ^60Co or ^137Cs, X- rays generated from machine sources operated at or below an energy level of 5 MeV and electrons generated from machine sources operated at or below an energy level of 10 MeV. ^60Co has been widely used for insect disinfestations, application of electron beam and X beam relatively lag, however, with the development of accelerator technology, electron beam for insect disinfestations demonstrates the unique superiority, and receives the more and more widespread attention recent years. The radiation susceptibility of each kind of cereal - grain pests varies somewhat and reduces in the following order：beetles 〉 mites 〉 moths. The eggs and larvae are always more susceptible than pupae or adults, and female more susceptible than male. Irradiation practice for insect disinfesta- tions of cereal grain general include：preirradiation treatment of grains, pests detection, absorbed dose make, irradiation, post- irradiation storage and transport, re- irradiation. At the irradiation processing dose （0.3 - 0.5 kGy） for insect disinfestations, the exposure has not affected to the grain edible quality and function characteristic, and no harmful to human health. Therefore, as a kind of safety and high effective control method for stored - grain insect pests, irradiation for insect disinfestations is an important alternative for chemical insecticides, and meeting with great market prospect in the field of stored grain pest control.