陇右地区西戎民族集团的诸族考辨——兼论传说时代和三代时期陇右民族格局的形成

The Study of Clans of West Rong People in Longyou Area——Discussing the Formation of the People in Longyou during the Legendary Period and Three Dynasties

古代将陇山以西的居民称为西戎民族集团,说它是游牧民族。实际上问题比较复杂,这一地区在古代除广大的土著外,尚有三皇等族及五帝之族,还有苗及北狄等族。这些氏族或部落先民皆为定居农耕之族。黄帝时期戎族(土著)中的一部分称羌,戎与羌在夏代转为半耕半牧民族;华夏结合戎族的一部分,则一直定居农耕,至夏末称氐族。商代时期,甘肃武威以西的羌族、兰州以西和青海湖以东的戎族,由半耕半牧转为游牧民族;居于兰州以东的氐族仍为定居农耕民族,交错相居的戎族、羌族则为游牧民族。西周见于记载的是不同称谓的戎族,几乎不见羌、氐,是皆以强盛的“西戎”统称之故。商末嬴姓方国余民被逐于“西垂”(今甘肃天水)后,沦为戎地的半耕半牧民族。周懿王时期,迁秦遗民大骆与子“非子”族于西犬丘(今甘肃礼县),与同族先民相聚。周孝王时期,非子邑之秦,成为附庸国,揭开了陇右历史新的一页。

In ancient times, people who lived in the west Long mountain were called the West Rong, meaning that they were horde. In fact, the problem is relatively complicated. In the ancient, a large number of aborigines, there were the three Emperors＇clans, the five virtuous ＂Emperors＂clans（ They are Huangdi, Zhuanxu,Diku,Tangyao and Yushun.） and Miao clan and Beidi clan etc. The ancestors of these clans or tribes all settled to work on husbandry. During the Huang period, a part of the Rong clan was called Qiang clan. In Xia Dynasty the Rong and Qiang clans turned to half work on husbandry and half work on farming. The Huaxia Clan combined a part of the Rong clan settled to work on husbandry all the time until the end of Xia Dynasty. It was called Di clan. In Shang Dynasty, the Qiang clan of Wuwei in Gansu and the Rong clan at the west of Lanzhou and the east of Qinghai turned to horde from the husbandry and farming. The Di clan located at the east of Lanzhou still settled to work on husbandry. And the Rong clan and Qiang clan were hordes. In Xizhou Dynasty, what recorded were different appellations of Rong clan. The reason for the nearly disappearance of Qiang and Rong clans was that they were all called ＂West Rong＂. Atthe late of Shang Dynasty, after the people all over the country whose family name Ying were expelled to Xichui （now in Tianshui in Gansu）, they were forced to work on husbandry and half on farming. During the Emperor Yi＇s time, the descendants of Daluo clan and the people of ＂Feizi＂clan assembled in Xiquan （Now it is in Lixian in Gansu） with the people of the same clan. During the Emperor Xiao＇s reign, Feizi establisehed their capital in the area of Qin, attached to Zhou , revealing a new page of the Longyou history.