工业微生物物理诱变育种技术的新进展

The Development of Physical Mutation Techniques in Industrial Microbe Breeding

物理诱变技术是当今工业微生物育种中最重要、最有效的技术之一。传统的物理诱变技术主要有紫外线、X射线、γ射线诱变等,它们已在包括青霉素、"-淀粉酶等几乎所有的工业微生物菌种的诱变选育中发挥了巨大的作用。多数菌株在多次重复使用传统诱变源时往往出现抗性饱和的现象。太空环境、离子束、激光等是20世纪70～80年代逐渐兴起的新型诱变技术,因它们具有诱变谱广和在一定程度上能克服菌株对传统诱变源的抗性饱和等优点,而广受工业微生物育种工作者的欢迎。现就空间、离子束、激光等诱变育种技术的作用特点、诱变机理、应用及前景进行阐述。

Physical mutation is one of the most important and efficient technique in industrial microorganism breeding. Traditional physical mutation technique,mainly composed of ultraviolet radiation mutation,X radiation mutation and γ radiation mutation,have played an important role in the mutation breeding of nearly all industrial microorganism, such as penicillin-producing strains and α-amylase-producing strains. Many microbes have showed a kind of phenomenon of resistant saturation when repeatedly mutated by traditional mutagens. Owning to their wide mutation spectrum and having the ability of partially overcoming the resistant saturation of traditional mutation,new mutation techniques,arising from1970s to 1980s,including of space condition,ion beam and laser,and etc.,have been widely applied by researchers of industrial microorganism breeding. The characteristics,mechanism,application and the prospect of space condition,ion beam and laser breeding are introduced in this paper.