不同空间尺度的湿地保护与持续利用研究

Protection and Sustainable Utilization of Wetland at Different Spatial Scales

本文从宏观(区域)、中观(地方)和微观(点-生产单位)3个空间尺度研究湿地的保护与持续利用。研究表明,研究尺度在由宏观向中观、微观过渡过程中,湿地具有稳定性由强变弱、变化周期由长变短的生态变化特征,具有由调节功能占主导向景观载体功能、提供产品功能占主导的功能变化特征,人类对湿地的利用具有由间接利用占主导向选择利用、直接利用占主导的关系变化特征。鉴于湿地的生态特征、功能特征和与人类的关系特征在不同空间尺度的表现,本文指出在湿地保护与持续利用中宏观尺度要关注湿地的区际关系与区内人地关系、强调开发保护分区研究,中观尺度要关注湿地的开发模式与管理模式的选择,微观尺度要关注湿地的合理开发规模,并就这些问题进行了研究。最后为平衡湿地保护与持续利用过程中带来的不同利益主体的利益,本文制定了宏观、中观和微观的湿地生态补偿机制及支付方式。

Wetland is very important to environment and human, and it provides the tremendous ecological value, economic value and social value for human. Therefore, stakeholders at the different spatial scales pay the tremendous attention to protection and sustainable utilization of wetland with the idiographic perspective. In the authors＇ opinion, it is beneficial to research protection and sustainable utilization of wetland at the different spatial scales. This article researches protection and sustainable utilization of wetland at three spatial scales, which are macro scale （region）, medium scale （local） and micro scale （enterprise）, involving ecological traits, functional traits and human-earth relation of wetland. From macro scale to medium scale and micro scale, it indicates that wetland has the changes from strong ecological stability to weak one and long periods to short one; wetland function changes from adjusting environment to enjoying landscape and providing products; wetland utilization changes from indirect utilization to selective and direct utilization. Therefore, at macro scale, it is pointed out that we should pay attention to inter-region relation, human-earth relation in the region of wetland in protection and sustainable utilization of wetland, and emphasis on sub-area for protection and exploitation of wetland. In detail, wetland area is divided into the restoration zone of wetland, the water and soil conservation zone, the function zone of wetland, the benefit zone of wetland. Furthermore, the function zone of wetland is divided into the forbidden exploitation zone, the control exploitation zone, the restoration zone and the ecological exploitation region. At medium scale it is pointed out that we should care for selection of wetland exploitation patterns and management patterns. In other word, the composing of wetland value is researched by which we can find the reasonable exploitation pattern. And the united management of local government and resident is introduced to attain the sustainable wetland development and balance benefits among the different stakeholders. At micro scale, it is pointed out that we should consider the rational size of wetland exploitation. The rational size of wetland exploitation should be determined by analyzing the carrying capacity of wetland in order to realize the maximal benefits of wetland exploitation. At last, this article puts forward the ecological compensation mechanism and ways of payment for realizing the reasonable protection and the sustainable utilization of wetland at different spatial scales.