康德自评先验哲学之价值与问题——《康德书信百封》综评

Values and Problems in Kant's Self-Criticism of Transcendental Philosophy——A Review of Kant's 100 Letters

通观《康德书信百封》,并参证于康德三大批判,见出先验哲学体系的巨大理论贡献:在“经验论—理性论”二项对立中,推出超越的新平台“先天综合判断”及其如何可能,这是先验哲学体系得以拓展的母胎;从二项对立的相关系统中,向下伸延至自然规律与个体的“天性禀赋”,向上伸延至“道德理性”与“人是目的”,以巨大的张力结构成就了康德庞大的人类学智慧框架,同时完成了先验体系之道德形而上学的最高理想;从“现象—物自身”最高思维阈限的二分双向关联结构中,把西方“尽理”的抽象思维形式推向极致与神秘,它构成康德先验哲学中最重要的“范导”原理,它冲击且中断了一切传统的思维方式。若孤立地、单方地问“物自体是什么”或“现象是什么”而不作出“超越的区分”,不明确其作为纯思维形式的范导原理与功能,则必然加深“康德之谜”而难以自拔。然而先验哲学体系的“硬核”与问题,却正是对“物自身”及其二分关联结构的把握以及“超越的区分”——这是通向“康德之谜”的大道。

An examination of Kant＇s 100 Letters with reference to Kant＇s three critiques reveals the great contributions by Kant＇s transcendental philosophy： （1） introduction of a new transcendental platform of ＂a priori judgment＂ as the base for the development of transcendental philosophy; （2） extension from the bi- nary opposition down to natural laws and individuals＇ ＂innate endowments＂ and up to ＂moral rationality＂ and ＂human as purpose＂ to form Kant＇s gigantic intellectual framework of anthropology, achieving the supreme metaphysical ideal of the a priori system; （3） advancing the Western abstract thinking mode of ＂supreme reason＂ to its extreme and mystery to construct the most important principle of ＂canonical induction＂ in Kantian philosophy so as to shake and break all the traditional thinking modes. If we ask singly and in isolation ＂what is thing-in-self＂ or ＂what is phenomenon＂ without making any ＂transcendental distinction＂ or clarifying their canonical principle and function as pure thinking modes, we would further bog down in the ＂Kantian mystery＂. But the ＂hard core＂ and problem in transcendental philosophy is nothing but our understanding of the ＂thing--in--self＂ and its binary relationship and our ＂transcendental distinction＂, which is the road to the solution of the ＂Kantian mystery＂.